Arthritis (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis)

Arthritis refers to a group of conditions characterized by inflammation and stiffness in the joints, leading to pain and reduced mobility. The two most common types of arthritis are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, each with distinct causes, symptoms, and treatments.

Osteoarthritis: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent form of arthritis and is often referred to as "wear and tear" arthritis. It occurs when the protective cartilage that cushions the ends of bones wears down over time, leading to joint pain, swelling, and decreased range of motion. OA commonly affects weight-bearing joints such as the knees, hips, and spine, as well as the hands and fingers.

Risk factors for osteoarthritis include aging, genetics, joint injuries, obesity, and repetitive stress on joints. Treatment options for OA include pain management, physical therapy, lifestyle modifications (weight loss, exercise), and in severe cases, joint replacement surgery.

Rheumatoid Arthritis: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the synovium (the lining of the membranes that surround the joints). This results in inflammation, pain, and eventual joint damage. RA can affect multiple joints, and it often has systemic effects, potentially impacting other organs and systems.

RA symptoms include joint pain, swelling, stiffness, fatigue, and sometimes fever. Early diagnosis and aggressive treatment are essential to prevent irreversible joint damage. Medications used for RA include disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), biologic agents, and targeted therapies. Physical therapy and lifestyle changes also play a significant role in managing RA.

It's important to note that there are other types of arthritis as well, such as psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and juvenile idiopathic arthritis, among others. Each type has its own characteristics, causes, and treatment approaches.